Summary: The Fermi telescope has confirmed that cosmic rays originate from the star explosions known as supernovae. They actually get accelerated toward Earth not by the explosion itself, but rather by the shock wave created after the explosion. (That's the part that looks beautiful in images!)
Scientists determined this by looking at characteristic particle decays. They know that pions decay into gamma rays which then travel toward Earth. Studying the gamma rays are ideal since they are not affected by magnetic fields and thus will point directly back to their source after being detected by Fermi.
BBC News: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21421449
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